Sunday, October 12, 2008

 

دبئی: ہندوستانی پاکستانی غلاموں کی مزدوری سے تراشہ ہیرا




دبئی: ہندوستانی پاکستانی غلاموں کی مزدوری سے تراشہ ہیرا

تحریر: غائث عبدالاحد
ترجمہ: علی حسن سمندطور

چمکدار عمارتوں، مصنوعی جزیروں، اور عظیم الجثہ مراکز خریداری سے پر دبئی اب دنیا کا سب سے اونچا برج بنانے کا ارادہ رکھتا ہے۔ لیکن اس حیرت انگیز عمارت سازی کے پیچھے مزدوروں کی ایک ایسی فوج ہے جسے سبز باغ دکھا کر دبئی لایا جاتا ہے اور غلاظت اور استحصال کے مستقل چنگل میں رکھا جاتا ہے۔

سورج ڈوب رہا ہے اور ڈوبتے سورج کی کرنیں ہندوستانی مزدوروں کے جسموں پہ ٹیڑھی ترچھی لکیریں بنا رہی ہیں۔ دو مزدور نہا رہے ہیں، وہ مزدور کیمپ کے بیت الخلا کے قریب ٹب سے پانی نکال کر اپنے اوپر انڈیل رہے ہیں۔ دوسرے مزدور اپنی باری کا انتظار کر رہے ہیں۔ ایک آدمی ایک بالٹی میں اپنے پائوں ڈالے کھڑا ہے۔ گرمی سے دم گھٹا جاتا ہے اور ریتیلی ہوا ہمارے چہروں پہ تھپیڑے مار رہی ہے۔

سکھائے جانے والوں کپڑوں سے ٹپکتی پانی کی بوندیں گرمیوں کی خوش آئند بارش کے طور پہ گر رہی ہیں۔ ریگستان کے بیچوں بیچ ہمارے چاروں طرف دور تلک مزدور کیمپوں کا ایک شہرآباد ہے۔ ایک ایسا شہر جوسیمنٹ کے بلاکوں، لوہے کی چادروں،پنجرے کی جالی، خاردار تاروں، رنگ کے خالی ڈبوں، پرانی زنگ آلود مشینری اور تھکے افسرہ چہرہ ہزاروں مزدوروں سے مل کر بنا ہے۔ میں دبئی شہر کے اونچے برجوں، مصنوعی جزیروں، اور عظیم الجثہ مراکز خریداری سے نکل کر ریگستان سے گزرتا ابوظہبی کے مضافات میں پہنچ گیا ہوں۔ زاہا حدید پل سے پہلے دائیں طرف مڑ جائیں تو چند سو میٹر کا فاصلہ طے کرنے پہ آپ مصفح نامی علاقے میں پہنچ جائیں گے۔ یہ آبادی سیاحوں کی نظروں سے چھپی ہوئی ہے۔ یہ علاقہ خلیج فارس میں موجود ایسی بہت سی آبادیوں میں سے ایک ہے جہاں مزدوروں کی ان فوجوں کو رکھا جاتا ہے جو اس علاقے میں ایک کے بعد ایک خوب صورت عمارتیں تعمیر کر رہی ہیں۔

غسلخانے سے پرے، آہنی چادروں سے پٹے ایک صحن میں مزدور اپنے لیے کھانا تیار کر رہے ہیں۔ پسینے کی لڑیاں مستقل ان کے ماتھے اور گردن سے لڑھک رہی ہیں، پسینے سے بھیگی ان کی قمیضیں ان کی پیٹھوں سے چپکی ہوئی ہیں۔ فضا پسینے اور مصالحوں کی بھاری بو سے شرابور ہے۔

غلاظت کے ایک ڈھیر کے پاس ایک آدمی اپنا کھانا لیے کھڑا ہے: چند مرچیں، ایک پیاز اور تین ٹماٹر، جو مصالحوں کے ساتھ تلے جائیں گے اور روٹی کے ساتھ کھائے جائیں گے۔ قریب ہی ایک دوسرے کیمپ میں شمالی اور جنوبی وزیرستان سے تعلق رکھنے والے پاکستانی مزدور ہیں جو چائے پی رہے ہیں، ان کا ایک ساتھی کھانا تیار کر رہا ہے۔ ایک ایسے کمرے کے وسط میں جہاں دس لوگ سوتے ہیں ایک آدمی گندی تہ بند پہنا زمین پہ بیٹھا ہے اور خلا میں گھورتے ہوئے ہاون دستے کی مدد سے پیاز اور لہسن پیس رہا ہے۔

کابل کے مضافات میں موجود میدان نامی گائوں سے تعلق رکھنے والا حمیداللہ نامی ایک منحنی شخص مجھے بتاتا ہے: "میں نے ایران میں پانچ سال گزارے اور ایک سال سے یہاں ہوں۔ مگر یہ ایک سال دس سال جتنا لگتا ہے۔ جب میں نے افغانستان چھوڑا تھا تو میرا خیال تھا کہ میں چند ماہ میں واپس پلٹ جائوں گا مگر اب مجھے کچھ نہیں پتہ کہ واپسی کب ہوگی۔"
برابر والے بستر پہ موجود ایک شخص بات آگے بڑھاتا ہے: "اس نے کل گھر فون کیا تھا۔ اس کو بتایا گیا کہ لڑائی میں اس کے گائوں کے تین لوگ مارے گئے۔یہ وجہ ہے ہم لوگوں کے یہاں رہنے کی۔"
حمیداللہ عمارت سازی میں ساڑھے چارسو درہم [ تقریبا ایک سو دس امریکی ڈالر] فی ماہ بناتا ہے۔

زندگی کیسی ہے؟ میں اس سے پوچھتا ہوں۔
وہ جواب دیتا ہے: "کیسی زندگی؟ یہاں ہماری کوئی زندگی نہیں ہے۔ ہم تو قیدی ہیں۔ صبح پانچ بجے اٹھتے ہیں، کام پہ سات بجے پہنچتے ہیں اور پھر کیمپ پہ واپسی رات کے نو بجے ہوتی ہے۔ ہر دن کا یہی معمول ہے۔"
باہر صحن میں ایک شخص ایک ٹوٹے آئینے کے سامنے رد لکڑی سے بنائی کرسی پہ بیٹھا ہے۔ اس کے گلے سے پلاسٹک کی ایک چادر لٹک رہی ہے، کیمپ کا نائی اس کے گھنی داڑھی تراش رہا ہے۔ افلاس کے ماحول کے باوجود آج جشن کی رات ہے۔ ایک مزدور پاکستان میں دو ہفتے کی چھٹی گزار کر آیا ہے۔ وہ پاکستان سے اپنے ساتھ چاولوں کی ایک بوری لایا ہے۔ آج گوشت کا پلائو بنایا جا رہا ہے۔ چاول کھانے کی استطاعت اختتام ہفتہ پہ ہی ہوتی ہے: معمولی تنخواہیں، ایک کمزور ڈالر اور اشیائے خوردونوش کی گرانی سے اور بھی پٹی ہوئی ہیں۔
"اب زندگی اورخراب ہو گئی ہے۔ پہلے ایک مہینہ ایک سو چالیس درہم [ تقریبا چالیس ڈالر] میں، گزر جاتا تھا۔ اب تین سو بیس سے ساڑھے تین سو درہم تک چاہیے ہوتے ہیں۔"

درجن سے اوپر مزدور ایسے اخباروں کے اوپر بیٹھے ہیں جن میں پرتعیش گھڑیوں، موبائل فونوں، اور اونچے برجوں کے اشتہارات ہیں۔ پلاسٹک کی تین ٹرے آتی ہیں، ان میں زرد چاول اور گوشت کے چھوٹے چھوٹے ٹکڑے ہیں۔ مزدور کم مقدار گوشت مل بانٹ کر کھاتے ہیں۔

یہ سارے لوگ اس بڑے فراڈ کا حصہ ہیں جس سے خلیج الفارس کی عظیم الشان تعمیر کا کام ہو رہا ہے۔ اپنے جیسے لاکھوں مزدوروں کی طرح ان لوگوں نے ہندوستان اور پاکستان میں ایجنٹوں کو سترہ سو ڈالر کے لگ بھک ادا کیے ہیں۔ ان لوگوں کو ان کی موجودہ تنخواہوں سے دگنی تنخواہوں کے علاوہ چھٹیوں میں جہاز کے ٹکٹ کا لالچ دیا گیا تھا، مگر کمرے میں موجود کسی شخص نے بھی دستخط کرنے سے پہلے معاہدے کونہ پڑھا تھا۔ ان میں سے صرف دو خواندہ ہیں۔
لمبی داڑھی والا ایک شخص کہتا ہے: "انہوں نے ہم سے جھوٹ بولا۔ وہ جھوٹ بول کر ہمیں یہاں لائے ہیں۔ ہم سے کئی لوگوں نے اپنی زمینیں بیچیں۔ دوسروں نے یہاں آنے کے لیے قرضہ لے کر ایجنٹ کو رقم دی۔"

عرب امارات میں پہنچنے پہ ان مزدوروں سے بھیڑ بکریوں کا سا سلوک کیا جاتا ہے۔ نہ انہیں طبی سہولیات دی جاتی ہیں اور نہ ہی ان کے دوسرے بنیادی حقوق کا خیال رکھا جاتا ہے۔ انہیں یہاں لانے والی کمپنی ان کا پاسپورٹ اپنے قبضے میں رکھتی ہے، اور اس بات کا یقین رکھنے کے لیے کہ مزدور یہاں سے بھاگ نہ جائیں، اکثر ان کی ایک دو ماہ کی تنخواہیں بھی اپنے پاس دبا کر رکھتی ہے۔ اور اس سب کے بعد ان میں سے کئی صرف چارسو درہم [تقریبا ایک سو دس ڈالر] ماہانہ بناتے ہیں۔

مزدوروں کا ایک گروہ بغیر کسی جھجک کے مجھے بتاتا ہے کہ اگر کوئی مزدور بیمار پڑ جائے تو چند دن کے بعد اسے گھر بھیج دیا جاتا ہے۔ "مزدور سب سے سستا ہے۔ لوہا، گارا، ہر شے کے دام بڑھے ہیں، مگر مزدور وہیں کھڑا ہے۔"
کھانے کے دوران مزدور باتیں کر رہے ہیں۔ ان میں سے ایک کہتا ہے:
"کہنے کو تو میری شفٹ آٹھ گھنٹے کی ہے اور دو گھنٹے اوور ٹائم کے، مگر درحقیقت میں اٹھارہ گھنٹے کام کرتا ہوں۔ سپروائزر ہم سے جانوروں کا سا سلوک کرتا ہے۔ نہ جانے کمپنی کے مالکان کو یہ بات معلوم ہے یا نہیں۔"

ایک دوسرا مزدور کہتا ہے:
"یہاں جنگ نہیں ہو رہی اور پولیس ہم سے ٹھیک برتائو کرتی ہی۔ لیکن تنخواہ اچھی نہیں ہے۔"
باورچی کی خدمات انجام دینے والا شخص احمد ایک جاندار نوجوان کی طرف اشارہ کر کے کہتا ہے، "یہ آدمی چار سال سے گھر نہیں گیا ہے۔ اس کے پاس جہاز کے کرائے کے لیے رقم نہیں ہے۔"

لوہے کا کام کرنے والا ایک شخص کہتا ہے کہ اسے نہیں معلوم کہ اس کے واپسی کے ٹکٹ کا ذمہ دار کون ہے۔ بھرتی کرنے والی ایجنسی نے اسے بتایا تھا کہ کنسٹرکشن کمپنی اس کے لیے جہاز کا کرایہ دے گی لیکن اسے لکھت میں ایسی کوئی چیز نہیں ملی۔ ایک تجربہ کار آدمی جو چشمہ لگائے ہوئے ہے اور سر پہ گول ٹوپی پہنے ہے مجھے بتاتا ہے کہ حالات پہلے سے بہتر ہوئے ہیں۔ پانچ سال پہلے جب وہ یہاں آیا تھا تو کمپنی کی طرف سے اسے کچھ نہیں ملا تھا۔ "اب وہ ہر مزدور کو ایک بستر دیتے ہیں اور کمرے میں اے سی بھی لگا ہے۔"

گو کہ مزدوروں کو یونین بنانے کا حق نہیں ہے مگر حال میں اس پورے علاقے میں ہڑتالیں بھی ہوئیں اور ہنگامہ آرائی بھی؛جس کا کہ چند سال پہلے تک تصور محال تھا۔ مصفح میں ایک اور جگہ مجھے ایک غیر قانونی یونین سے سابقہ پڑتا ہے۔ یہاں مزدوروں نے وطن کے قبائلی خدود پہ تشکیل شدہ ایک زمین دوز انشورینس پروگرام بنایا ہے۔ اس پروگرام کا ایک شریک مجھے بتاتا ہے، "یہاں آنے سے پہلے ہم لوگ اپنے قبائلی بزرگوں کے پاس نام لکھواتے ہیں۔ پھر اگر ہم میں سے کوئی زخمی ہوتا ہے اور گھر بھیجا جاتا ہے، یا مر جاتا ہے، تو بزرگ باقی لوگوں سے تیس درہم فی کس جمع کرتے ہیں اور یہ رقم متعلقہ شخص کے گھر والوں کو دی جاتی ہے۔"

ایک طور سے مصفح میں موجود مزدور خوش قسمت ہیں۔ پرانی دبئی کے ڈیرا نامی علاقے میں، جہاں شہر کے بہت سے غیر قانونی طور پہ مقیم مزدور رہتے ہیں، ہر کمرے میں بیس کے قریب لوگ بھرے ہوتے ہیں۔ اقوام متحدہ کے اداروں کا تخمینہ ہے کہ امارات میں تین لاکھ سے زائد غیر قانونی طور پہ مقیم مزدور ہیں۔

ایک اور گرم شام کے وقت، کام ختم ہونے پہ سینکڑوں لوگ گلیوں میں جمع ہیں، وہ چائے پی رہے ہیں اور ٹوٹی کرسیوں پہ بیٹھے ہیں۔ ایک شخص کوڑے کے ایک بڑے ڈھیر کے قریب اپنے چھکڑے کے ہینڈل سے پیٹھ ٹکایا بیٹھا کھانا کھا رہا ہے۔ ایک گھر میں ایک مزدور باورچی خانے کے سنک کے اوپر اپنے دھلے کپڑے ٹانگ رہا ہے، ایک قریبی بیت الخلا سے بدبو کے بھبکے اڑ رہے ہیں۔ اس سے اگلے گھر میں مزدور زمین پہ لیٹے ہیں۔ وہ مجھے بتاتے ہیں کہ وہ غیر قانونی طور پہ مقیم ہیں۔ وہ خوف زدہ ہیں اور مجھے وہاں سے چلے جانے کو کہتے ہیں۔ باہر پاکستانی اور سری لنکن مزدوروں کے درمیان ہاتھا پائی ہو جاتی ہے۔

ان گلیوں میں جا بجا ایسے کارخانے ہیں جہاں ہندوستانی مزدور رات گئے تک کام کرتے ہیں۔ وہ چھوٹی چھوٹی میزوں پہ جھکے ہار بنا رہے ہوتے ہیں۔ چند میل دور یہ غلام منڈی اور بھی گھنائونا روپ اختیار کر لیتی ہے۔ سنگ مرمر اور شیشے سے سجے ایک چمکدار ہوٹل کے باہر درجنوں طوائفیں نسلی گروہوں میں بٹی کھڑی ہیں: سیدھے ہاتھ پہ ایشیائی، ان کے بعد افریقی، اور الٹے ہاتھ پہ، ماضی کے سوویت یونین سے آنے والی سفید فام عورتیں۔ وہیں کچھ عرب عورتیں بھی ہیں۔ مجھے بتایا جاتا ہے کہ ایرانی خواتین کی مانگ سب سے زیادہ ہے۔ ایرانی خواتین کا نرخ سب سے اونچا ہے اور ایرانی طوائفیں مہنگے ترین ہوٹلوں میں پائی جاتی ہیں۔

خلیج فارس کے دوسرے علاقوں کی طرح دبئی اور ابوظہبی بھی تارکین وطن مزدوروں کی محنت سے چمک دمک حاصل کررہے ہیں۔ یہ تارکین وطن پرانے وقتوں سے میل کھانے والے طریقے کے حساب سے ایک دوسرے سے جدا رہتے ہیں۔ سب سے اوپر مقامی لوگ ہیں، جن کے پاس تیل کا پیسہ ہے اور جو اپنے سفید یا سیاہ عبایوں میں آتے جاتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ پرتعیش زندگی جینے والے ان لوگوں کے پاس سب کچھ ہے۔ مگر فری زون کے باہر اماراتی شریک کے بغیر کاروبار نہیں کیا جا سکتا۔ ایسا شریک اکثر صورتوں میں کاروبار کو صرف اپنا نام دیتا ہے۔ مقامی کفیل کے بغیر کسی کو کام کرنے کی اجازت نہیں ہے۔

مقامی لوگوں سے نیچے مغربی دنیا کے لوگ ہیں جو ماہرین کے فرائض انجام دیتے ہیں اور اپنے ملک کے مقابلے میں یہاں دگنی سے زائد تنخواہیں، بلا ٹیکس، حاصل کرتے ہیں۔ ان سے نیچے دوسرے عرب ہیں، لبنانی، فلسطینی، مصری، اور شامی۔ نسل پرستی اور جھوٹی شان اس گروہ کو یکجا رکھنے میں معاونت کرتی ہے۔

"آپ یہاں آئیں تو آپ کے ساتھ ناقابل یقین چیزیں ہوتی ہیں،" ایک لبنانی عورت جو اکثر دبئی آتی ہے نئی سیاہ ایس یو وی چلاتے ہوئے مجھے بتاتی ہے، "اچانک آپ فی ماہ پانچ ہزار ڈالر بنانے لگتے ہیں۔ آپ کو آسانی سے قرضہ مل جاتا ہے اور آپ اپنے خوابوں کو پا سکتے ہیں۔ آپ کھل کر خریداری کرتے ہیں۔ اور بھوک لگے تو آپ سیدھے ہوٹل جاتے ہیں۔ کسی اور جگہ آپ اس طرح کی زندگی نہیں جی سکتے۔"

اس اہرام مزدوری میں سب سے نیچے ہندوستان، پاکستان، سری لنکا، حبشہ، فلیپین، اور پرے کے مزدور، بیرے، ہوٹل کے ملازمین اور بے ہنر محنت کش ہیں۔ یہ لوگ وسیع مراکز خریداری، ہوٹلوں اور ریستورانوں سے ڈرے سہمے گزرتے ہیں اور دوسروں کو "سر" اور "میڈم" کہہ کر مخاطب کرتے ہیں۔ گرم ترین دنوں میں بیچ دوپہر آپ ان کو پارکوں میں درختوں کے نیچے سوتا پائیں گے، یا انہیں دبئی مسجد کے سنگ مرمر فرش پہ یا پتلی گلیوں میں بنچوں یا کارڈبورڈ کے ٹکڑوں پہ بیٹھا دیکھیں گے۔ یہ لوگ اس نسل پرستی کا شکار ہیں جو نہ صرف امارات میں پھل پھول رہی ہے بلکہ تیزی سے باقی مشرق وسطی میں برآمد کی جا رہی ہے۔ اس صورتحال کو دیکھ کر پچھلی صدی کی تیسری دہائی کا جنوبی ریاست ہائے متحدہ امریکہ یاد آتا ہے۔

ابوظہبی میں ایک شام مجھے عراق سے تعلق رکھنے والے علی نامی ایک انجینئیر کے ساتھ کھانا کھانے کا اتفاق ہوتا ہے۔ علی سے میری دوستی کئی دہائیوں پہ مشتمل ہے۔ کھانے کے بعد کہ جب اس کی بیوی زعفران کی خوشبو والی چائے پیش کرتی ہے، علی کرسی پیچھے کھسکا کر ایک سگار سلگا لیتا ہے۔ ہم اسٹاک مارکیٹ، مشرق وسطی میں سرمایہ کاری وغیرہ کے بارے میں بات کرتے نسل پرستی کے موضوع تک پہنچتے ہیں۔
"اگر میٹرو میں نسلی گروہوں کو جدا نہ رکھا گیا تو ہم اس میں کبھی سفر نہیں کریں گے۔" علی اس کثیرالمالیاتی زیر زمین منصوبے کی بات کر رہا ہے جو دبئی میں مکمل کیا جارہا ہے۔
علی کی بیوی بات مکمل کرتی ہے: "ہم کبھی ان بدبودار ہندوستانیوں اور پاکستانیوں کے برابر میں نہیں بیٹھیں گے۔"

یہ بات مجھے بارہا بتائی گئی ہے کہ گو کہ تارکین وطن مزدور یہاں نہایت خراب حالات میں رہ رہے ہیں مگر ان کی یہ حالت ان کے وطن میں ان کی حالت سے پھر بھی بہتر ہے؛ یوں جیسے کہ ایک جگہ کی غربت دوسری جگہ کے استحصال کو صحیح ثابت کرتی ہو۔
میرا دوست مجھ سے کہتا ہے: "ہمیں غلاموں کی ضرورت ہے۔ ہمیں عظیم الشان عمارتیں بنانے کے لیے غلام چاہئیں۔ اہرام مصر بھی تو غلاموں نے بنائے تھے۔"

خواتین کے لیے مدینہ امید نامی ادارہ چلانے والی انسانی حقوق کی علمبردار شارلا مصابیح سوچ کی اس کڑی سے اچھی طرح واقف ہیں۔ وہ کہتی ہیں کہ، "ایک دفعہ آپ کو غریبوں کی محنت سے امیر ہونے کا لطف آجائے تو اس انداز زندگی کو چھوڑنا آسان نہیں ہے۔ یہ لوگ انسان کی حیثیت گرا رہے ہیں۔ ممکن ہے تارکین وطن مزدور اپنے گھر میں صرف ایک وقت کا کھانا کھانے کی استطاعت رکھتے ہوں مگر ان کے اطراف ان کے چاہنے والے تو ہوتے ہیں۔ وہاں ان کی عزت تو ہے۔ یہ لوگ کسی ہوٹل میں کمرہ نہیں مانگ رہے۔ یہ صرف اتنا تقاضہ کر رہے ہیں کہ انہیں انسان سمجھا جائے۔"

ایک اور دن کے اختتام پہ دبئی مرینا کے قریب ایک بہترین ساحل پہ سمندرکی موجیں خوب صورت ریت پہ اپنا سر پٹک رہی ہیں۔ چند لوگ نیلے سمندر کے اوپر پیرا گلائڈنگ کر رہے ہیں۔ نوساز جزیروں پہ دیوقامت عمارتیں خلائی جہازوں کی مانند کھڑی ہیں۔ مغربی سیاح ریت پہ آرام سے لیٹے ہیں۔ کچھ فاصلے پہ موجود ریت کے ایک ٹیلے سے فلیپینو، ہندوستانی اور پاکستانی مزدور یوں خاموشی سے کھڑے یہ نظارہ کررہے ہیں کہ جیسے ان کے اور رنگ رلیاں منانے والوں کے درمیان ایک نادیدہ دیوار ہو۔ ان کے پیچھے چند اور نئے برج کھڑے ہو رہے ہیں۔
آئی ٹی سے تعلق رکھنے والا ایک نوجوان عرب مجھے بتاتا ہے: "یہ کھلا کھاتہ ذہنیت ہے۔ یہاں لوگ پیسہ بنانے آتے ہیں۔ وہ مخصوص دائروں میں رہتے ہیں۔ وہ زیادہ سے زیادہ پیسہ بنا کر یہاں سے روانہ ہونا چاہتے ہیں۔"

مصفح میں ایک پاکستانی مزدور مجھے اپنے محلے کی سیر کراتا ہے۔ دھول اڑاتی اس گلی کے دونوں طرف محنت کشوں کے بیرک اور آشنہ مفلوک الحالی ہے: گٹر کا پانی، کوڑے کے ڈھیر، اور ردی دھات۔ ایک آدمی اپنی گاڑی دھو رہا ہے اور ایک پنجرے میں مرغیاں پھڑپھڑا رہی ہیں۔
ہم ایک کمرے میں داخل ہوتے ہیں، دروازے کے ساتھ چپلوں کا ایک ڈھیر ہے۔ اندر ایک مزدور کاغذات کا ایک پلندہ میری طرف بڑھا دیتا ہے۔ وہ اپنی کمپنی پہ تنخواہ کی غیر ادائیگی کا مقدمہ کر رہا ہے۔
"میں تین ماہ سے عدالت کے چکر لگا رہا ہوں۔ ہر دفعہ مجھ سے کہا جاتا ہے کہ میں دو ہفتے کے بعد آئوں۔"
اس کے ساتھی تائید میں اپنے سر ہلاتے ہیں۔
"پچھلی بار کمپنی کے وکیل نے مجھ سے کہا تھا کہ کمپنی ہی قانون ہے اور مجھے ایک دھیلا نہیں ملے گا۔"

مصابیح کا کہنا ہے کہ، "بظاہر پچھلے دس سالوں میں دبئی نے غیر معمولی ترقی کی ہے مگر عمرانی طور پہ یہ بہت پیچھے ہے۔ یہاں مزدور کی حالت بیسویں صدی میں امریکہ کے مزدور سے مختلف نہیں ہے، لیکن اکیسویں صدی میں یہ صورتحال قطعی ناقابل قبول ہے۔"

اصل مضمون:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/oct/08/middleeast.construction


تصویر بشکریہ
http://tagpuan.com

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The dark side of Dubai

Shocking!
C.


http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/johann-hari/the-dark-side-of-dubai-1664368.html

The dark side of Dubai

Dubai was meant to be a Middle-Eastern Shangri-La, a glittering monument to Arab enterprise and western capitalism. But as hard times arrive in the city state that rose from the desert sands, an uglier story is emerging. Johann Hari reports

The wide, smiling face of Sheikh Mohammed – the absolute ruler of Dubai – beams down on his creation. His image is displayed on every other building, sandwiched between the more familiar corporate rictuses of Ronald McDonald and Colonel Sanders. This man has sold Dubai to the world as the city of One Thousand and One Arabian Lights, a Shangri-La in the Middle East insulated from the dust-storms blasting across the region. He dominates the Manhattan-manqué skyline, beaming out from row after row of glass pyramids and hotels smelted into the shape of piles of golden coins. And there he stands on the tallest building in the world – a skinny spike, jabbing farther into the sky than any other human construction in history.

But something has flickered in Sheikh Mohammed's smile. The ubiquitous cranes have paused on the skyline, as if stuck in time. There are countless buildings half-finished, seemingly abandoned. In the swankiest new constructions – like the vast Atlantis hotel, a giant pink castle built in 1,000 days for $1.5bn on its own artificial island – where rainwater is leaking from the ceilings and the tiles are falling off the roof. This Neverland was built on the Never-Never – and now the cracks are beginning to show. Suddenly it looks less like Manhattan in the sun than Iceland in the desert.

Once the manic burst of building has stopped and the whirlwind has slowed, the secrets of Dubai are slowly seeping out. This is a city built from nothing in just a few wild decades on credit and ecocide, suppression and slavery. Dubai is a living metal metaphor for the neo-liberal globalised world that may be crashing – at last – into history.

I. An Adult Disneyland

Karen Andrews can't speak. Every time she starts to tell her story, she puts her head down and crumples. She is slim and angular and has the faded radiance of the once-rich, even though her clothes are as creased as her forehead. I find her in the car park of one of Dubai's finest international hotels, where she is living, in her Range Rover. She has been sleeping here for months, thanks to the kindness of the Bangladeshi car park attendants who don't have the heart to move her on. This is not where she thought her Dubai dream would end.

Her story comes out in stutters, over four hours. At times, her old voice – witty and warm – breaks through. Karen came here from Canada when her husband was offered a job in the senior division of a famous multinational. "When he said Dubai, I said – if you want me to wear black and quit booze, baby, you've got the wrong girl. But he asked me to give it a chance. And I loved him."

All her worries melted when she touched down in Dubai in 2005. "It was an adult Disneyland, where Sheikh Mohammed is the mouse," she says. "Life was fantastic. You had these amazing big apartments, you had a whole army of your own staff, you pay no taxes at all. It seemed like everyone was a CEO. We were partying the whole time."

Her husband, Daniel, bought two properties. "We were drunk on Dubai," she says. But for the first time in his life, he was beginning to mismanage their finances. "We're not talking huge sums, but he was getting confused. It was so unlike Daniel, I was surprised. We got into a little bit of debt." After a year, she found out why: Daniel was diagnosed with a brain tumour.

One doctor told him he had a year to live; another said it was benign and he'd be okay. But the debts were growing. "Before I came here, I didn't know anything about Dubai law. I assumed if all these big companies come here, it must be pretty like Canada's or any other liberal democracy's," she says. Nobody told her there is no concept of bankruptcy. If you get into debt and you can't pay, you go to prison.

"When we realised that, I sat Daniel down and told him: listen, we need to get out of here. He knew he was guaranteed a pay-off when he resigned, so we said – right, let's take the pay-off, clear the debt, and go." So Daniel resigned – but he was given a lower pay-off than his contract suggested. The debt remained. As soon as you quit your job in Dubai, your employer has to inform your bank. If you have any outstanding debts that aren't covered by your savings, then all your accounts are frozen, and you are forbidden to leave the country.

"Suddenly our cards stopped working. We had nothing. We were thrown out of our apartment." Karen can't speak about what happened next for a long time; she is shaking.

Daniel was arrested and taken away on the day of their eviction. It was six days before she could talk to him. "He told me he was put in a cell with another debtor, a Sri Lankan guy who was only 27, who said he couldn't face the shame to his family. Daniel woke up and the boy had swallowed razor-blades. He banged for help, but nobody came, and the boy died in front of him."

Karen managed to beg from her friends for a few weeks, "but it was so humiliating. I've never lived like this. I worked in the fashion industry. I had my own shops. I've never..." She peters out.

Daniel was sentenced to six months' imprisonment at a trial he couldn't understand. It was in Arabic, and there was no translation. "Now I'm here illegally, too," Karen says I've got no money, nothing. I have to last nine months until he's out, somehow." Looking away, almost paralysed with embarrassment, she asks if I could buy her a meal.

She is not alone. All over the city, there are maxed-out expats sleeping secretly in the sand-dunes or the airport or in their cars.

"The thing you have to understand about Dubai is – nothing is what it seems," Karen says at last. "Nothing. This isn't a city, it's a con-job. They lure you in telling you it's one thing – a modern kind of place – but beneath the surface it's a medieval dictatorship."

II. Tumbleweed

Thirty years ago, almost all of contemporary Dubai was desert, inhabited only by cactuses and tumbleweed and scorpions. But downtown there are traces of the town that once was, buried amidst the metal and glass. In the dusty fort of the Dubai Museum, a sanitised version of this story is told.

In the mid-18th century, a small village was built here, in the lower Persian Gulf, where people would dive for pearls off the coast. It soon began to accumulate a cosmopolitan population washing up from Persia, the Indian subcontinent, and other Arab countries, all hoping to make their fortune. They named it after a local locust, the daba, who consumed everything before it. The town was soon seized by the gunships of the British Empire, who held it by the throat as late as 1971. As they scuttled away, Dubai decided to ally with the six surrounding states and make up the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

The British quit, exhausted, just as oil was being discovered, and the sheikhs who suddenly found themselves in charge faced a remarkable dilemma. They were largely illiterate nomads who spent their lives driving camels through the desert – yet now they had a vast pot of gold. What should they do with it?

Dubai only had a dribble of oil compared to neighbouring Abu Dhabi – so Sheikh Maktoum decided to use the revenues to build something that would last. Israel used to boast it made the desert bloom; Sheikh Maktoum resolved to make the desert boom. He would build a city to be a centre of tourism and financial services, sucking up cash and talent from across the globe. He invited the world to come tax-free – and they came in their millions, swamping the local population, who now make up just 5 per cent of Dubai. A city seemed to fall from the sky in just three decades, whole and complete and swelling. They fast-forwarded from the 18th century to the 21st in a single generation.

If you take the Big Bus Tour of Dubai – the passport to a pre-processed experience of every major city on earth – you are fed the propaganda-vision of how this happened. "Dubai's motto is 'Open doors, open minds'," the tour guide tells you in clipped tones, before depositing you at the souks to buy camel tea-cosies. "Here you are free. To purchase fabrics," he adds. As you pass each new monumental building, he tells you: "The World Trade Centre was built by His Highness..."

But this is a lie. The sheikh did not build this city. It was built by slaves. They are building it now.

III. Hidden in plain view

There are three different Dubais, all swirling around each other. There are the expats, like Karen; there are the Emiratis, headed by Sheikh Mohammed; and then there is the foreign underclass who built the city, and are trapped here. They are hidden in plain view. You see them everywhere, in dirt-caked blue uniforms, being shouted at by their superiors, like a chain gang – but you are trained not to look. It is like a mantra: the Sheikh built the city. The Sheikh built the city. Workers? What workers?

Every evening, the hundreds of thousands of young men who build Dubai are bussed from their sites to a vast concrete wasteland an hour out of town, where they are quarantined away. Until a few years ago they were shuttled back and forth on cattle trucks, but the expats complained this was unsightly, so now they are shunted on small metal buses that function like greenhouses in the desert heat. They sweat like sponges being slowly wrung out.

Sonapur is a rubble-strewn patchwork of miles and miles of identical concrete buildings. Some 300,000 men live piled up here, in a place whose name in Hindi means "City of Gold". In the first camp I stop at – riven with the smell of sewage and sweat – the men huddle around, eager to tell someone, anyone, what is happening to them.

Sahinal Monir, a slim 24-year-old from the deltas of Bangladesh. "To get you here, they tell you Dubai is heaven. Then you get here and realise it is hell," he says. Four years ago, an employment agent arrived in Sahinal's village in Southern Bangladesh. He told the men of the village that there was a place where they could earn 40,000 takka a month (£400) just for working nine-to-five on construction projects. It was a place where they would be given great accommodation, great food, and treated well. All they had to do was pay an up-front fee of 220,000 takka (£2,300) for the work visa – a fee they'd pay off in the first six months, easy. So Sahinal sold his family land, and took out a loan from the local lender, to head to this paradise.

As soon as he arrived at Dubai airport, his passport was taken from him by his construction company. He has not seen it since. He was told brusquely that from now on he would be working 14-hour days in the desert heat – where western tourists are advised not to stay outside for even five minutes in summer, when it hits 55 degrees – for 500 dirhams a month (£90), less than a quarter of the wage he was promised. If you don't like it, the company told him, go home. "But how can I go home? You have my passport, and I have no money for the ticket," he said. "Well, then you'd better get to work," they replied.

Sahinal was in a panic. His family back home – his son, daughter, wife and parents – were waiting for money, excited that their boy had finally made it. But he was going to have to work for more than two years just to pay for the cost of getting here – and all to earn less than he did in Bangladesh.

He shows me his room. It is a tiny, poky, concrete cell with triple-decker bunk-beds, where he lives with 11 other men. All his belongings are piled onto his bunk: three shirts, a spare pair of trousers, and a cellphone. The room stinks, because the lavatories in the corner of the camp – holes in the ground – are backed up with excrement and clouds of black flies. There is no air conditioning or fans, so the heat is "unbearable. You cannot sleep. All you do is sweat and scratch all night." At the height of summer, people sleep on the floor, on the roof, anywhere where they can pray for a moment of breeze.

The water delivered to the camp in huge white containers isn't properly desalinated: it tastes of salt. "It makes us sick, but we have nothing else to drink," he says.

The work is "the worst in the world," he says. "You have to carry 50kg bricks and blocks of cement in the worst heat imaginable ... This heat – it is like nothing else. You sweat so much you can't pee, not for days or weeks. It's like all the liquid comes out through your skin and you stink. You become dizzy and sick but you aren't allowed to stop, except for an hour in the afternoon. You know if you drop anything or slip, you could die. If you take time off sick, your wages are docked, and you are trapped here even longer."

He is currently working on the 67th floor of a shiny new tower, where he builds upwards, into the sky, into the heat. He doesn't know its name. In his four years here, he has never seen the Dubai of tourist-fame, except as he constructs it floor-by-floor.

Is he angry? He is quiet for a long time. "Here, nobody shows their anger. You can't. You get put in jail for a long time, then deported." Last year, some workers went on strike after they were not given their wages for four months. The Dubai police surrounded their camps with razor-wire and water-cannons and blasted them out and back to work.

The "ringleaders" were imprisoned. I try a different question: does Sohinal regret coming? All the men look down, awkwardly. "How can we think about that? We are trapped. If we start to think about regrets..." He lets the sentence trail off. Eventually, another worker breaks the silence by adding: "I miss my country, my family and my land. We can grow food in Bangladesh. Here, nothing grows. Just oil and buildings."

Since the recession hit, they say, the electricity has been cut off in dozens of the camps, and the men have not been paid for months. Their companies have disappeared with their passports and their pay. "We have been robbed of everything. Even if somehow we get back to Bangladesh, the loan sharks will demand we repay our loans immediately, and when we can't, we'll be sent to prison."

This is all supposed to be illegal. Employers are meant to pay on time, never take your passport, give you breaks in the heat – but I met nobody who said it happens. Not one. These men are conned into coming and trapped into staying, with the complicity of the Dubai authorities.

Sahinal could well die out here. A British man who used to work on construction projects told me: "There's a huge number of suicides in the camps and on the construction sites, but they're not reported. They're described as 'accidents'." Even then, their families aren't free: they simply inherit the debts. A Human Rights Watch study found there is a "cover-up of the true extent" of deaths from heat exhaustion, overwork and suicide, but the Indian consulate registered 971 deaths of their nationals in 2005 alone. After this figure was leaked, the consulates were told to stop counting.

At night, in the dusk, I sit in the camp with Sohinal and his friends as they scrape together what they have left to buy a cheap bottle of spirits. They down it in one ferocious gulp. "It helps you to feel numb", Sohinal says through a stinging throat. In the distance, the glistening Dubai skyline he built stands, oblivious.

IV. Mauled by the mall

I find myself stumbling in a daze from the camps into the sprawling marble malls that seem to stand on every street in Dubai. It is so hot there is no point building pavements; people gather in these cathedrals of consumerism to bask in the air conditioning. So within a ten minute taxi-ride, I have left Sohinal and I am standing in the middle of Harvey Nichols, being shown a £20,000 taffeta dress by a bored salesgirl. "As you can see, it is cut on the bias..." she says, and I stop writing.

Time doesn't seem to pass in the malls. Days blur with the same electric light, the same shined floors, the same brands I know from home. Here, Dubai is reduced to its component sounds: do-buy. In the most expensive malls I am almost alone, the shops empty and echoing. On the record, everybody tells me business is going fine. Off the record, they look panicky. There is a hat exhibition ahead of the Dubai races, selling elaborate headgear for £1,000 a pop. "Last year, we were packed. Now look," a hat designer tells me. She swoops her arm over a vacant space.

I approach a blonde 17-year-old Dutch girl wandering around in hotpants, oblivious to the swarms of men gaping at her. "I love it here!" she says. "The heat, the malls, the beach!" Does it ever bother you that it's a slave society? She puts her head down, just as Sohinal did. "I try not to see," she says. Even at 17, she has learned not to look, and not to ask; that, she senses, is a transgression too far.

Between the malls, there is nothing but the connecting tissue of asphalt. Every road has at least four lanes; Dubai feels like a motorway punctuated by shopping centres. You only walk anywhere if you are suicidal. The residents of Dubai flit from mall to mall by car or taxis.

How does it feel if this is your country, filled with foreigners? Unlike the expats and the slave class, I can't just approach the native Emiratis to ask questions when I see them wandering around – the men in cool white robes, the women in sweltering black. If you try, the women blank you, and the men look affronted, and tell you brusquely that Dubai is "fine". So I browse through the Emirati blog-scene and found some typical-sounding young Emiratis. We meet – where else? – in the mall.

Ahmed al-Atar is a handsome 23-year-old with a neat, trimmed beard, tailored white robes, and rectangular wire-glasses. He speaks perfect American-English, and quickly shows that he knows London, Los Angeles and Paris better than most westerners. Sitting back in his chair in an identikit Starbucks, he announces: "This is the best place in the world to be young! The government pays for your education up to PhD level. You get given a free house when you get married. You get free healthcare, and if it's not good enough here, they pay for you to go abroad. You don't even have to pay for your phone calls. Almost everyone has a maid, a nanny, and a driver. And we never pay any taxes. Don't you wish you were Emirati?"

I try to raise potential objections to this Panglossian summary, but he leans forward and says: "Look – my grandfather woke up every day and he would have to fight to get to the well first to get water. When the wells ran dry, they had to have water delivered by camel. They were always hungry and thirsty and desperate for jobs. He limped all his life, because he there was no medical treatment available when he broke his leg. Now look at us!"

For Emiratis, this is a Santa Claus state, handing out goodies while it makes its money elsewhere: through renting out land to foreigners, soft taxes on them like business and airport charges, and the remaining dribble of oil. Most Emiratis, like Ahmed, work for the government, so they're cushioned from the credit crunch. "I haven't felt any effect at all, and nor have my friends," he says. "Your employment is secure. You will only be fired if you do something incredibly bad." The laws are currently being tightened, to make it even more impossible to sack an Emirati.

Sure, the flooding-in of expats can sometimes be "an eyesore", Ahmed says. "But we see the expats as the price we had to pay for this development. How else could we do it? Nobody wants to go back to the days of the desert, the days before everyone came. We went from being like an African country to having an average income per head of $120,000 a year. And we're supposed to complain?"

He says the lack of political freedom is fine by him. "You'll find it very hard to find an Emirati who doesn't support Sheikh Mohammed." Because they're scared? "No, because we really all support him. He's a great leader. Just look!" He smiles and says: "I'm sure my life is very much like yours. We hang out, have a coffee, go to the movies. You'll be in a Pizza Hut or Nando's in London, and at the same time I'll be in one in Dubai," he says, ordering another latte.

But do all young Emiratis see it this way? Can it really be so sunny in the political sands? In the sleek Emirates Tower Hotel, I meet Sultan al-Qassemi. He's a 31-year-old Emirati columnist for the Dubai press and private art collector, with a reputation for being a contrarian liberal, advocating gradual reform. He is wearing Western clothes – blue jeans and a Ralph Lauren shirt – and speaks incredibly fast, turning himself into a manic whirr of arguments.

"People here are turning into lazy, overweight babies!" he exclaims. "The nanny state has gone too far. We don't do anything for ourselves! Why don't any of us work for the private sector? Why can't a mother and father look after their own child?" And yet, when I try to bring up the system of slavery that built Dubai, he looks angry. "People should give us credit," he insists. "We are the most tolerant people in the world. Dubai is the only truly international city in the world. Everyone who comes here is treated with respect."

I pause, and think of the vast camps in Sonapur, just a few miles away. Does he even know they exist? He looks irritated. "You know, if there are 30 or 40 cases [of worker abuse] a year, that sounds like a lot but when you think about how many people are here..." Thirty or 40? This abuse is endemic to the system, I say. We're talking about hundreds of thousands.

Sultan is furious. He splutters: "You don't think Mexicans are treated badly in New York City? And how long did it take Britain to treat people well? I could come to London and write about the homeless people on Oxford Street and make your city sound like a terrible place, too! The workers here can leave any time they want! Any Indian can leave, any Asian can leave!"

But they can't, I point out. Their passports are taken away, and their wages are withheld. "Well, I feel bad if that happens, and anybody who does that should be punished. But their embassies should help them." They try. But why do you forbid the workers – with force – from going on strike against lousy employers? "Thank God we don't allow that!" he exclaims. "Strikes are in-convenient! They go on the street – we're not having that. We won't be like France. Imagine a country where they the workers can just stop whenever they want!" So what should the workers do when they are cheated and lied to? "Quit. Leave the country."

I sigh. Sultan is seething now. "People in the West are always complaining about us," he says. Suddenly, he adopts a mock-whiny voice and says, in imitation of these disgusting critics: "Why don't you treat animals better? Why don't you have better shampoo advertising? Why don't you treat labourers better?" It's a revealing order: animals, shampoo, then workers. He becomes more heated, shifting in his seat, jabbing his finger at me. "I gave workers who worked for me safety goggles and special boots, and they didn't want to wear them! It slows them down!"

And then he smiles, coming up with what he sees as his killer argument. "When I see Western journalists criticise us – don't you realise you're shooting yourself in the foot? The Middle East will be far more dangerous if Dubai fails. Our export isn't oil, it's hope. Poor Egyptians or Libyans or Iranians grow up saying – I want to go to Dubai. We're very important to the region. We are showing how to be a modern Muslim country. We don't have any fundamentalists here. Europeans shouldn't gloat at our demise. You should be very worried.... Do you know what will happen if this model fails? Dubai will go down the Iranian path, the Islamist path."

Sultan sits back. My arguments have clearly disturbed him; he says in a softer, conciliatory tone, almost pleading: "Listen. My mother used to go to the well and get a bucket of water every morning. On her wedding day, she was given an orange as a gift because she had never eaten one. Two of my brothers died when they were babies because the healthcare system hadn't developed yet. Don't judge us." He says it again, his eyes filled with intensity: "Don't judge us."

V. The Dunkin' Donuts Dissidents

But there is another face to the Emirati minority – a small huddle of dissidents, trying to shake the Sheikhs out of abusive laws. Next to a Virgin Megastore and a Dunkin' Donuts, with James Blunt's "You're Beautiful" blaring behind me, I meet the Dubai dictatorship's Public Enemy Number One. By way of introduction, Mohammed al-Mansoori says from within his white robes and sinewy face: "Westerners come her and see the malls and the tall buildings and they think that means we are free. But these businesses, these buildings – who are they for? This is a dictatorship. The royal family think they own the country, and the people are their servants. There is no freedom here."

We snuffle out the only Arabic restaurant in this mall, and he says everything you are banned – under threat of prison – from saying in Dubai. Mohammed tells me he was born in Dubai to a fisherman father who taught him one enduring lesson: Never follow the herd. Think for yourself. In the sudden surge of development, Mohammed trained as a lawyer. By the Noughties, he had climbed to the head of the Jurists' Association, an organisation set up to press for Dubai's laws to be consistent with international human rights legislation.

And then – suddenly – Mohammed thwacked into the limits of Sheikh Mohammed's tolerance. Horrified by the "system of slavery" his country was being built on, he spoke out to Human Rights Watch and the BBC. "So I was hauled in by the secret police and told: shut up, or you will lose you job, and your children will be unemployable," he says. "But how could I be silent?"

He was stripped of his lawyer's licence and his passport – becoming yet another person imprisoned in this country. "I have been blacklisted and so have my children. The newspapers are not allowed to write about me."

Why is the state so keen to defend this system of slavery? He offers a prosaic explanation. "Most companies are owned by the government, so they oppose human rights laws because it will reduce their profit margins. It's in their interests that the workers are slaves."

Last time there was a depression, there was a starbust of democracy in Dubai, seized by force from the sheikhs. In the 1930s, the city's merchants banded together against Sheikh Said bin Maktum al-Maktum – the absolute ruler of his day – and insisted they be given control over the state finances. It lasted only a few years, before the Sheikh – with the enthusiastic support of the British – snuffed them out.

And today? Sheikh Mohammed turned Dubai into Creditopolis, a city built entirely on debt. Dubai owes 107 percent of its entire GDP. It would be bust already, if the neighbouring oil-soaked state of Abu Dhabi hadn't pulled out its chequebook. Mohammed says this will constrict freedom even further. "Now Abu Dhabi calls the tunes – and they are much more conservative and restrictive than even Dubai. Freedom here will diminish every day." Already, new media laws have been drafted forbidding the press to report on anything that could "damage" Dubai or "its economy". Is this why the newspapers are giving away glossy supplements talking about "encouraging economic indicators"?

Everybody here waves Islamism as the threat somewhere over the horizon, sure to swell if their advice is not followed. Today, every imam is appointed by the government, and every sermon is tightly controlled to keep it moderate. But Mohammed says anxiously: "We don't have Islamism here now, but I think that if you control people and give them no way to express anger, it could rise. People who are told to shut up all the time can just explode."

Later that day, against another identikit-corporate backdrop, I meet another dissident – Abdulkhaleq Abdullah, Professor of Political Science at Emirates University. His anger focuses not on political reform, but the erosion of Emirati identity. He is famous among the locals, a rare outspoken conductor for their anger. He says somberly: "There has been a rupture here. This is a totally different city to the one I was born in 50 years ago."

He looks around at the shiny floors and Western tourists and says: "What we see now didn't occur in our wildest dreams. We never thought we could be such a success, a trendsetter, a model for other Arab countries. The people of Dubai are mighty proud of their city, and rightly so. And yet..." He shakes his head. "In our hearts, we fear we have built a modern city but we are losing it to all these expats."

Adbulkhaleq says every Emirati of his generation lives with a "psychological trauma." Their hearts are divided – "between pride on one side, and fear on the other." Just after he says this, a smiling waitress approaches, and asks us what we would like to drink. He orders a Coke.

VI. Dubai Pride

There is one group in Dubai for whom the rhetoric of sudden freedom and liberation rings true – but it is the very group the government wanted to liberate least: gays.

Beneath a famous international hotel, I clamber down into possibly the only gay club on the Saudi Arabian peninsula. I find a United Nations of tank-tops and bulging biceps, dancing to Kylie, dropping ecstasy, and partying like it's Soho. "Dubai is the best place in the Muslim world for gays!" a 25-year old Emirati with spiked hair says, his arms wrapped around his 31-year old "husband". "We are alive. We can meet. That is more than most Arab gays."

It is illegal to be gay in Dubai, and punishable by 10 years in prison. But the locations of the latest unofficial gay clubs circulate online, and men flock there, seemingly unafraid of the police. "They might bust the club, but they will just disperse us," one of them says. "The police have other things to do."

In every large city, gay people find a way to find each other – but Dubai has become the clearing-house for the region's homosexuals, a place where they can live in relative safety. Saleh, a lean private in the Saudi Arabian army, has come here for the Coldplay concert, and tells me Dubai is "great" for gays: "In Saudi, it's hard to be straight when you're young. The women are shut away so everyone has gay sex. But they only want to have sex with boys – 15- to 21-year-olds. I'm 27, so I'm too old now. I need to find real gays, so this is the best place. All Arab gays want to live in Dubai."

With that, Saleh dances off across the dancefloor, towards a Dutch guy with big biceps and a big smile.

VII. The Lifestyle

All the guidebooks call Dubai a "melting pot", but as I trawl across the city, I find that every group here huddles together in its own little ethnic enclave – and becomes a caricature of itself. One night – in the heart of this homesick city, tired of the malls and the camps – I go to Double Decker, a hang-out for British expats. At the entrance there is a red telephone box, and London bus-stop signs. Its wooden interior looks like a cross between a colonial clubhouse in the Raj and an Eighties school disco, with blinking coloured lights and cheese blaring out. As I enter, a girl in a short skirt collapses out of the door onto her back. A guy wearing a pirate hat helps her to her feet, dropping his beer bottle with a paralytic laugh.

I start to talk to two sun-dried women in their sixties who have been getting gently sozzled since midday. "You stay here for The Lifestyle," they say, telling me to take a seat and order some more drinks. All the expats talk about The Lifestyle, but when you ask what it is, they become vague. Ann Wark tries to summarise it: "Here, you go out every night. You'd never do that back home. You see people all the time. It's great. You have lots of free time. You have maids and staff so you don't have to do all that stuff. You party!"

They have been in Dubai for 20 years, and they are happy to explain how the city works. "You've got a hierarchy, haven't you?" Ann says. "It's the Emiratis at the top, then I'd say the British and other Westerners. Then I suppose it's the Filipinos, because they've got a bit more brains than the Indians. Then at the bottom you've got the Indians and all them lot."

They admit, however, they have "never" spoken to an Emirati. Never? "No. They keep themselves to themselves." Yet Dubai has disappointed them. Jules Taylor tells me: "If you have an accident here it's a nightmare. There was a British woman we knew who ran over an Indian guy, and she was locked up for four days! If you have a tiny bit of alcohol on your breath they're all over you. These Indians throw themselves in front of cars, because then their family has to be given blood money – you know, compensation. But the police just blame us. That poor woman."

A 24-year-old British woman called Hannah Gamble takes a break from the dancefloor to talk to me. "I love the sun and the beach! It's great out here!" she says. Is there anything bad? "Oh yes!" she says. Ah: one of them has noticed, I think with relief. "The banks! When you want to make a transfer you have to fax them. You can't do it online." Anything else? She thinks hard. "The traffic's not very good."

When I ask the British expats how they feel to not be in a democracy, their reaction is always the same. First, they look bemused. Then they look affronted. "It's the Arab way!" an Essex boy shouts at me in response, as he tries to put a pair of comedy antlers on his head while pouring some beer into the mouth of his friend, who is lying on his back on the floor, gurning.

Later, in a hotel bar, I start chatting to a dyspeptic expat American who works in the cosmetics industry and is desperate to get away from these people. She says: "All the people who couldn't succeed in their own countries end up here, and suddenly they're rich and promoted way above their abilities and bragging about how great they are. I've never met so many incompetent people in such senior positions anywhere in the world." She adds: "It's absolutely racist. I had Filipino girls working for me doing the same job as a European girl, and she's paid a quarter of the wages. The people who do the real work are paid next to nothing, while these incompetent managers pay themselves £40,000 a month."

With the exception of her, one theme unites every expat I speak to: their joy at having staff to do the work that would clog their lives up Back Home. Everyone, it seems, has a maid. The maids used to be predominantly Filipino, but with the recession, Filipinos have been judged to be too expensive, so a nice Ethiopian servant girl is the latest fashionable accessory.

It is an open secret that once you hire a maid, you have absolute power over her. You take her passport – everyone does; you decide when to pay her, and when – if ever – she can take a break; and you decide who she talks to. She speaks no Arabic. She cannot escape.

In a Burger King, a Filipino girl tells me it is "terrifying" for her to wander the malls in Dubai because Filipino maids or nannies always sneak away from the family they are with and beg her for help. "They say – 'Please, I am being held prisoner, they don't let me call home, they make me work every waking hour seven days a week.' At first I would say – my God, I will tell the consulate, where are you staying? But they never know their address, and the consulate isn't interested. I avoid them now. I keep thinking about a woman who told me she hadn't eaten any fruit in four years. They think I have power because I can walk around on my own, but I'm powerless."

The only hostel for women in Dubai – a filthy private villa on the brink of being repossessed – is filled with escaped maids. Mela Matari, a 25-year-old Ethiopian woman with a drooping smile, tells me what happened to her – and thousands like her. She was promised a paradise in the sands by an agency, so she left her four year-old daughter at home and headed here to earn money for a better future. "But they paid me half what they promised. I was put with an Australian family – four children – and Madam made me work from 6am to 1am every day, with no day off. I was exhausted and pleaded for a break, but they just shouted: 'You came here to work, not sleep!' Then one day I just couldn't go on, and Madam beat me. She beat me with her fists and kicked me. My ear still hurts. They wouldn't give me my wages: they said they'd pay me at the end of the two years. What could I do? I didn't know anybody here. I was terrified."

One day, after yet another beating, Mela ran out onto the streets, and asked – in broken English – how to find the Ethiopian consulate. After walking for two days, she found it, but they told her she had to get her passport back from Madam. "Well, how could I?" she asks. She has been in this hostel for six months. She has spoken to her daughter twice. "I lost my country, I lost my daughter, I lost everything," she says.

As she says this, I remember a stray sentence I heard back at Double Decker. I asked a British woman called Hermione Frayling what the best thing about Dubai was. "Oh, the servant class!" she trilled. "You do nothing. They'll do anything!"

VIII. The End of The World

The World is empty. It has been abandoned, its continents unfinished. Through binoculars, I think I can glimpse Britain; this sceptred isle barren in the salt-breeze.

Here, off the coast of Dubai, developers have been rebuilding the world. They have constructed artificial islands in the shape of all planet Earth's land masses, and they plan to sell each continent off to be built on. There were rumours that the Beckhams would bid for Britain. But the people who work at the nearby coast say they haven't seen anybody there for months now. "The World is over," a South African suggests.

All over Dubai, crazy projects that were Under Construction are now Under Collapse. They were building an air-conditioned beach here, with cooling pipes running below the sand, so the super-rich didn't singe their toes on their way from towel to sea.

The projects completed just before the global economy crashed look empty and tattered. The Atlantis Hotel was launched last winter in a $20m fin-de-siecle party attended by Robert De Niro, Lindsay Lohan and Lily Allen. Sitting on its own fake island – shaped, of course, like a palm tree – it looks like an immense upturned tooth in a faintly decaying mouth. It is pink and turreted – the architecture of the pharaohs, as reimagined by Zsa-Zsa Gabor. Its Grand Lobby is a monumental dome covered in glitterballs, held up by eight monumental concrete palm trees. Standing in the middle, there is a giant shining glass structure that looks like the intestines of every guest who has ever stayed at the Atlantis. It is unexpectedly raining; water is leaking from the roof, and tiles are falling off.

A South African PR girl shows me around its most coveted rooms, explaining that this is "the greatest luxury offered in the world". We stroll past shops selling £24m diamond rings around a hotel themed on the lost and sunken continent of, yes, Atlantis. There are huge water tanks filled with sharks, which poke around mock-abandoned castles and dumped submarines. There are more than 1,500 rooms here, each with a sea view. The Neptune suite has three floors, and – I gasp as I see it – it looks out directly on to the vast shark tank. You lie on the bed, and the sharks stare in at you. In Dubai, you can sleep with the fishes, and survive.

But even the luxury – reminiscent of a Bond villain's lair – is also being abandoned. I check myself in for a few nights to the classiest hotel in town, the Park Hyatt. It is the fashionistas' favourite hotel, where Elle Macpherson and Tommy Hilfiger stay, a gorgeous, understated palace. It feels empty. Whenever I eat, I am one of the only people in the restaurant. A staff member tells me in a whisper: "It used to be full here. Now there's hardly anyone." Rattling around, I feel like Jack Nicholson in The Shining, the last man in an abandoned, haunted home.

The most famous hotel in Dubai – the proud icon of the city – is the Burj al Arab hotel, sitting on the shore, shaped like a giant glass sailing boat. In the lobby, I start chatting to a couple from London who work in the City. They have been coming to Dubai for 10 years now, and they say they love it. "You never know what you'll find here," he says. "On our last trip, at the beginning of the holiday, our window looked out on the sea. By the end, they'd built an entire island there."

My patience frayed by all this excess, I find myself snapping: doesn't the omnipresent slave class bother you? I hope they misunderstood me, because the woman replied: "That's what we come for! It's great, you can't do anything for yourself!" Her husband chimes in: "When you go to the toilet, they open the door, they turn on the tap – the only thing they don't do is take it out for you when you have a piss!" And they both fall about laughing.

IX. Taking on the Desert

Dubai is not just a city living beyond its financial means; it is living beyond its ecological means. You stand on a manicured Dubai lawn and watch the sprinklers spray water all around you. You see tourists flocking to swim with dolphins. You wander into a mountain-sized freezer where they have built a ski slope with real snow. And a voice at the back of your head squeaks: this is the desert. This is the most water-stressed place on the planet. How can this be happening? How is it possible?

The very earth is trying to repel Dubai, to dry it up and blow it away. The new Tiger Woods Gold Course needs four million gallons of water to be pumped on to its grounds every day, or it would simply shrivel and disappear on the winds. The city is regularly washed over with dust-storms that fog up the skies and turn the skyline into a blur. When the dust parts, heat burns through. It cooks anything that is not kept constantly, artificially wet.

Dr Mohammed Raouf, the environmental director of the Gulf Research Centre, sounds sombre as he sits in his Dubai office and warns: "This is a desert area, and we are trying to defy its environment. It is very unwise. If you take on the desert, you will lose."

Sheikh Maktoum built his showcase city in a place with no useable water. None. There is no surface water, very little acquifer, and among the lowest rainfall in the world. So Dubai drinks the sea. The Emirates' water is stripped of salt in vast desalination plants around the Gulf – making it the most expensive water on earth. It costs more than petrol to produce, and belches vast amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as it goes. It's the main reason why a resident of Dubai has the biggest average carbon footprint of any human being – more than double that of an American.

If a recession turns into depression, Dr Raouf believes Dubai could run out of water. "At the moment, we have financial reserves that cover bringing so much water to the middle of the desert. But if we had lower revenues – if, say, the world shifts to a source of energy other than oil..." he shakes his head. "We will have a very big problem. Water is the main source of life. It would be a catastrophe. Dubai only has enough water to last us a week. There's almost no storage. We don't know what will happen if our supplies falter. It would be hard to survive."

Global warming, he adds, makes the problem even worse. "We are building all these artificial islands, but if the sea level rises, they will be gone, and we will lose a lot. Developers keep saying it's all fine, they've taken it into consideration, but I'm not so sure."

Is the Dubai government concerned about any of this? "There isn't much interest in these problems," he says sadly. But just to stand still, the average resident of Dubai needs three times more water than the average human. In the looming century of water stresses and a transition away from fossil fuels, Dubai is uniquely vulnerable.

I wanted to understand how the government of Dubai will react, so I decided to look at how it has dealt with an environmental problem that already exists – the pollution of its beaches. One woman – an American, working at one of the big hotels – had written in a lot of online forums arguing that it was bad and getting worse, so I called her to arrange a meeting. "I can't talk to you," she said sternly. Not even if it's off the record? "I can't talk to you." But I don't have to disclose your name... "You're not listening. This phone is bugged. I can't talk to you," she snapped, and hung up.

The next day I turned up at her office. "If you reveal my identity, I'll be sent on the first plane out of this city," she said, before beginning to nervously pace the shore with me. "It started like this. We began to get complaints from people using the beach. The water looked and smelled odd, and they were starting to get sick after going into it. So I wrote to the ministers of health and tourism and expected to hear back immediately – but there was nothing. Silence. I hand-delivered the letters. Still nothing."

The water quality got worse and worse. The guests started to spot raw sewage, condoms, and used sanitary towels floating in the sea. So the hotel ordered its own water analyses from a professional company. "They told us it was full of fecal matter and bacteria 'too numerous to count'. I had to start telling guests not to go in the water, and since they'd come on a beach holiday, as you can imagine, they were pretty pissed off." She began to make angry posts on the expat discussion forums – and people began to figure out what was happening. Dubai had expanded so fast its sewage treatment facilities couldn't keep up. The sewage disposal trucks had to queue for three or four days at the treatment plants – so instead, they were simply drilling open the manholes and dumping the untreated sewage down them, so it flowed straight to the sea.

Suddenly, it was an open secret – and the municipal authorities finally acknowledged the problem. They said they would fine the truckers. But the water quality didn't improve: it became black and stank. "It's got chemicals in it. I don't know what they are. But this stuff is toxic."

She continued to complain – and started to receive anonymous phone calls. "Stop embarassing Dubai, or your visa will be cancelled and you're out," they said. She says: "The expats are terrified to talk about anything. One critical comment in the newspapers and they deport you. So what am I supposed to do? Now the water is worse than ever. People are getting really sick. Eye infections, ear infections, stomach infections, rashes. Look at it!" There is faeces floating on the beach, in the shadow of one of Dubai's most famous hotels.

"What I learnt about Dubai is that the authorities don't give a toss about the environment," she says, standing in the stench. "They're pumping toxins into the sea, their main tourist attraction, for God's sake. If there are environmental problems in the future, I can tell you now how they will deal with them – deny it's happening, cover it up, and carry on until it's a total disaster." As she speaks, a dust-storm blows around us, as the desert tries, slowly, insistently, to take back its land.

X. Fake Plastic Trees

On my final night in the Dubai Disneyland, I stop off on my way to the airport, at a Pizza Hut that sits at the side of one of the city's endless, wide, gaping roads. It is identical to the one near my apartment in London in every respect, even the vomit-coloured decor. My mind is whirring and distracted. Perhaps Dubai disturbed me so much, I am thinking, because here, the entire global supply chain is condensed. Many of my goods are made by semi-enslaved populations desperate for a chance 2,000 miles away; is the only difference that here, they are merely two miles away, and you sometimes get to glimpse their faces? Dubai is Market Fundamentalist Globalisation in One City.

I ask the Filipino girl behind the counter if she likes it here. "It's OK," she says cautiously. Really? I say. I can't stand it. She sighs with relief and says: "This is the most terrible place! I hate it! I was here for months before I realised – everything in Dubai is fake. Everything you see. The trees are fake, the workers' contracts are fake, the islands are fake, the smiles are fake – even the water is fake!" But she is trapped, she says. She got into debt to come here, and she is stuck for three years: an old story now. "I think Dubai is like an oasis. It is an illusion, not real. You think you have seen water in the distance, but you get close and you only get a mouthful of sand."

As she says this, another customer enters. She forces her face into the broad, empty Dubai smile and says: "And how may I help you tonight, sir?"

Some names in this article have been changed.
 
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